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## C Programming
### Basic Syntax
- Comments
```c
// This is a single-line comment
/* This is a
multi-line comment */
```
- Variables
```c
// Declaration and initialization
int x = 10;
// Declaration without initialization
float y;
```
###### Data Types
| Data | Type | Description|
| --- | --- | --- |
| int | Integer | Represents whole numbers without a fractional component |
| float | Floating point number | Represents real numbers with a single-precision format |
| double | Double precision floating point number | Represents real numbers with a double-precision format |
| char | Character | Represents a single character, such as a letter or symbol |
| bool | Boolean | Represents a logical value, either true or false |
###### Operators
- Arithmetic Operators:
| Operator | Name | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| + | Addition | Adds two operands |
| - | Subtraction | Subtracts the right operand from the left operand |
| * | Multiplication | Multiplies two operands |
| / | Division | Divides the left operand by the right operand |
| % | Modulus (remainder after division) | Computes the remainder after division of two operands |
- Assignment Operators:
| Operator | Name | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| = | Assignment | Assigns a value to a variable |
| += | Addition Assignment | Adds right operand to the left operand and assigns the result to the left operand |
| -= | Subtraction Assignment | Subtracts right operand from the left operand and assigns the result to the left operand |
| *= | Multiplication Assignment | Multiplies the left operand by the right operand and assigns the result to the left operand |
| /= | Division Assignment | Divides the left operand by the right operand and assigns the result to the left operand |
| %= | Modulus Assignment | Computes the modulus of the left operand with the right operand and assigns the result to the left operand |
- Comparison Operators:
| Operator | Name | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| == | Equality | Checks if two operands are equal |
| != | Inequality | Checks if two operands are not equal |
| < | Less than | Checks if the left operand is less than the right operand |
| > | Greater than | Checks if the left operand is greater than the right operand |
| <= | Less than or equal to | Checks if the left operand is less than or equal to the right operand |
| >= | Greater than or equal to | Checks if the left operand is greater than or equal to the right operand |
- Increment and Decrement Operators
| Operator | Name | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| ++ | Increment | Increments the value of a variable by 1 |
| -- | Decrement | Decrements the value of a variable by 1 |
- Bitwise Shitfers
| Operator | Name | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| << | Left Shift | Shifts the bits of the left operand to the left by the number of positions specified by the right operand |
| >> | Right Shift | Shifts the bits of the left operand to the right by the number of positions specified by the right operand |
- Bitwise Operators
| Operator | Name | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| & | Bitwise AND | Performs bitwise AND operation |
| \| | Bitwise OR | Performs bitwise OR operation |
| ^ | Bitwise XOR | Performs bitwise XOR (exclusive OR) operation |
| ~ | Bitwise NOT | Inverts the bits |
- Logical Operators
| Operator | Name | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| && | Logical AND | Performs logical AND operation |
| \|\| |Logical OR | Performs logical OR operation |
| ! | Logical NOT | Negates the value of a condition |
- - -
##### Control Structures
- Conditional Statements
```c
if (condition) {
// code block to execute if condition is true
} else if (anotherCondition) {
// code block to execute if anotherCondition is true
} else {
// code block to execute if neither condition is true
}
```
- Switch Statements
```c
switch (expression) {
case value1:
// code block to execute if expression equals value1
break;
case value2:
// code block to execute if expression equals value2
break;
default:
// code block to execute if expression does not equal any specified value
break;
}
```
- For Loop
```c
for (initialization; condition; update) {
// code block to execute repeatedly while condition is true
}
```
- While Loop
```c
while (condition) {
// code block to execute repeatedly while condition is true
}
```
- Do-While Loop
```c
do {
// code block to execute at least once
} while (condition);
```
- - -
##### Functions
```c
// Function prototype
returnType functionName(argumentType argumentName);
// Function definition
returnType functionName(argumentType argumentName) {
// code block to execute
return returnValue;
}
```
- - -
##### Arrays
```c
// Declaration and initialization
int arrayName[size] = {value1, value2, value3};
// Accessing elements
int element = arrayName[index];
```
- - -
##### Pointers
```c
// Declaration and initialization
int *pointerName = &variableName;
// Accessing value through pointer
int value = *pointerName;`
```
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