## C Programming  

### Basic Syntax  
- Comments  
```c  
 // This is a single-line comment  
  
 /* This is a  
    multi-line comment */  
```  
  
- Variables  
```c  
// Declaration and initialization  
int x = 10;  
  
// Declaration without initialization  
float y;  
```  

 ###### Data Types  

| Data | Type | Description|  
|  --- | --- | --- |  
| int | Integer | Represents whole numbers without a fractional component |  
| float | Floating point number | Represents real numbers with a single-precision format |  
| double | Double precision floating point number | Represents real numbers with a double-precision format |  
| char | Character | Represents a single character, such as a letter or symbol |  
| bool | Boolean | Represents a logical value, either true or false |  

 ###### Operators  
- Arithmetic Operators:

| Operator | Name | Description |   
|  --- | --- | --- |  
| + | Addition | Adds two operands |  
| - | Subtraction | Subtracts the right operand from the left operand |  
| * | Multiplication | Multiplies two operands |  
| / | Division | Divides the left operand by the right operand |  
| % | Modulus (remainder after division) | Computes the remainder after division of two operands |  

  - Assignment Operators:

| Operator | Name | Description |   
|  --- | --- | --- |  
| = | Assignment | Assigns a value to a variable |  
| += | Addition Assignment | Adds right operand to the left operand and assigns the result to the left operand |
| -= | Subtraction Assignment | Subtracts right operand from the left operand and assigns the result to the left operand |
| *= | Multiplication Assignment | Multiplies the left operand by the right operand and assigns the result to the left operand |
| /= | Division Assignment | Divides the left operand by the right operand and assigns the result to the left operand |
| %= | Modulus Assignment | Computes the modulus of the left operand with the right operand and assigns the result to the left operand |

  - Comparison Operators:

| Operator | Name | Description |   
|  --- | --- | --- |  
| == | Equality | Checks if two operands are equal |  
| != | Inequality | Checks if two operands are not equal |  
| < | Less than | Checks if the left operand is less than the right operand |  
| > | Greater than | Checks if the left operand is greater than the right operand |  
| <= | Less than or equal to | Checks if the left operand is less than or equal to the right operand |  
| >= | Greater than or equal to | Checks if the left operand is greater than or equal to the right operand |  

  - Increment and Decrement Operators

| Operator | Name | Description |   
|  --- | --- | --- |  
| ++ | Increment | Increments the value of a variable by 1 |
| -- | Decrement | Decrements the value of a variable by 1 |

  - Bitwise Shitfers

| Operator | Name | Description |   
|  --- | --- | --- |  
| << | Left Shift | Shifts the bits of the left operand to the left by the number of positions specified by the right operand |
| >> | Right Shift | Shifts the bits of the left operand to the right by the number of positions specified by the right operand |

  - Bitwise Operators

| Operator | Name | Description |   
|  --- | --- | --- |  
| &  | Bitwise AND | Performs bitwise AND operation |
| \| | Bitwise OR | Performs bitwise OR operation |
| ^  | Bitwise XOR | Performs bitwise XOR (exclusive OR) operation |
| ~  | Bitwise NOT | Inverts the bits |

  - Logical Operators

| Operator | Name | Description |   
|  --- | --- | --- |  
| && | Logical AND | Performs logical AND operation |  
| \|\| |Logical OR | Performs logical OR operation |  
| ! | Logical NOT | Negates the value of a condition |  

- - -  
  
##### Control Structures  
- Conditional Statements  
```c  
if (condition) {  
    // code block to execute if condition is true  
} else if (anotherCondition) {  
    // code block to execute if anotherCondition is true  
} else {  
    // code block to execute if neither condition is true  
}  
```  
- Switch Statements  
```c  
switch (expression) {  
    case value1:  
        // code block to execute if expression equals value1  
            break;  
              case value2:  
                  // code block to execute if expression equals value2  
                      break;  
                        default:  
                            // code block to execute if expression does not equal any specified value  
                                break;  
}  
```  
- For Loop  
```c  
for (initialization; condition; update) {  
    // code block to execute repeatedly while condition is true  
}  
```  
  
- While Loop  
```c  
while (condition) {  
    // code block to execute repeatedly while condition is true  
}  
```  
  
- Do-While Loop  
```c  
do {  
    // code block to execute at least once  
} while (condition);  
```  
  
- - -  
  
##### Functions  
```c  
// Function prototype  
returnType functionName(argumentType argumentName);  
  
// Function definition  
returnType functionName(argumentType argumentName) {  
    // code block to execute  
      return returnValue;  
}  
```  
  
- - -  
  
##### Arrays  
```c  
// Declaration and initialization  
int arrayName[size] = {value1, value2, value3};  
  
// Accessing elements  
int element = arrayName[index];  
```  
  
- - -  
  
##### Pointers  
```c  
// Declaration and initialization  
int *pointerName = &variableName;  
  
// Accessing value through pointer  
int value = *pointerName;`  
```  
- - -

##### Input/Output:  
- printf("Text");             // Prints text on the console  
- scanf("%d", &<variable>);   // Reads input from the user  

- - -

##### Memory Allocation:  
- malloc(size);     // Allocates a block of memory  
- calloc(n, size);  // Allocates an array of n elements, initialized to zero  
- free(pointer);    // Deallocates the memory block  

- - -

##### Preprocessor Directives:
- #include <header_file>     // Includes a header file  
- #define <macro_name> <value>   // Defines a macro  

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